ABSTRACT. Hockenos notes that after a short period of domestic liberalization in the 1960s, Ceausescu initiated a ruthless antiminority campaign under the heading of "homogenization" (an euphemism for assimilation). Dragoman argues that, for Romanians, the Western nation-state has been for a long time the model of organizing the political space. Huluban says that, at the end of March 1990, Romania was the first post-communist country where there were registered violent inter-ethnic conflicts. On Rose’s reading, within every country there is a substantial division of opinion about how good or bad the old regime was.