ABSTRACT. This research makes conceptual and methodological contributions to the electoral returns of corrupt incumbents, the resiliency and extent of systemic corruption, the impact on election outcomes of providing information about corruption, and the conditional effect of anti-corruption interventions. The purpose of this article is to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that condition the effectiveness of different anti-corruption interventions, direct measures to tackle corrupt networks, time variation in the perceptions of corruption, and the nature of corrupt transactions. pp. 142–147
JEL Codes: D73, D72, F59

Keywords: economic; social; political; corruption; campaign; electoral