ABSTRACT. Foster notes that IAS is designed to provide a level playing field for the raising of cheaper corporate financing in the international capital markets. Kinnunen and Vehviläinen remark that the bank risk-taking suffers from the same econometric problems as exchange rate economics in general. Gruben et al. affirm that in countries where depositors disciplined bankers by pulling out of asset-impaired banks, the ratio of past-due loans to total assets ought to explain changes in deposits during a national period of banking stress.