ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study is to examine how spatial computing devices for smart city logistics in immersive 3D worlds necessitate deep learning-based sensing and extended reality technologies, geo-distributed autonomous intelligent and sustainable urban computing systems, and deep and machine learning algorithms. 3D modeling and virtual simulation tools, smart city software and cognitive computing systems, and immersive 3D and digital twin technologies can be deployed for big geospatial data and urban visual analytics in immersive virtual environments.

Keywords: visual computing; digital twin; urban modeling; virtual mapping; smart city; augmented reality; immersive spaces

How to cite: Poliak, M., Stamule, S., Burcea, Ș. G., Dabija, A. E. (2026). “Image-based Visual Computing and Digital Twin Technologies, 3D Urban Modeling and Virtual Mapping Tools, and Cyber-Physical Cognitive and Smart City Software Systems in Augmented Reality-powered Immersive Spaces,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 18(1): 35–46. doi: 10.22381/GHIR18120263.

Received 13 January 2026 • Received in revised form 21 June 2026
Accepted 23 June 2026 • Available online 30 June 2026