ABSTRACT. This article advances existing literature concerning how spatial computing and big data sharing technologies, contextual awareness and intelligent data processing tools, and auditory and visual immersion systems can redesign distributed sensor networks in extended reality environments and interconnected virtual worlds. Real-time 3D rendering and performance capture technologies, Internet of Things-based sensing and immersive visualization systems, and spatial cognition and virtual simulation algorithms can shape interoperable extended reality environments and blockchain-based virtual worlds.

Keywords: geospatial intelligence; virtual mapping; Internet of Things; immersive visualization; 3D image processing; spatial cognition; digital twin cities

How to cite: Hysa, E., Alpopi, C., Mathew, V. N. A., Boajă, D. M. (2026). “Geospatial Intelligence and Virtual Mapping Tools, Big Data-driven Internet of Things Immersive Visualization and Sensor-based Modeling Systems, and 3D Image Processing and Spatial Cognition Algorithms in Interoperable Extended Reality Environments and Digital Twin Cities,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 18(1): 72–84. doi: 10.22381/GHIR18120266.

Received 20 February 2026 • Received in revised form 21 June 2026
Accepted 23 June 2026 • Available online 30 June 2026