Kapstein addresses the major changes that have taken place in the financial risk environment in recent years, highlighting banking consolidation and asset securitization. Howarth and Loedel explore the history of European central bank cooperation and co-ordination in the context of European monetary integration. de Haan et al. discuss issues of disclosure and transparency of central banks, recently developed indicators of central bank disclosure, and the transparency of the ECB as perceived by financial markets. (pp. 140–144)